归去来兮辞并教案
《归去来兮辞并序》教案
教学目标
1、知识与技能：把握全文的结构，理清文章的脉络，理解课文的内容。
2、过程与方法：①了解辞的体裁特点。运用辞的特点，进一步领会作者的感情及志向。
②把握辞中淡远潇洒的风格，在朗读中启发学生的想象和联想，使学生头脑中能浮现诗人的形象。
③提高把握词类活用现象的能力，积累文言词语。
教学重点：提高把握词类活用现象的能力，积累文言词语。
教学难点：了解辞的体裁特点。运用辞的特点，进一步领会作者的感情及志向。
情感、态度与价值观：感受作者在文中着重表达的对黑暗官场的厌恶和鄙弃，对农村的自然景物和劳动生活的赞美。领略辞中表现的遗世独立、心胸旷达的乐观精神。
教学方法：讲授、合作、探究
教学时数：两课时
教学步骤：
一、作家作品
陶渊明(367～427)，一名潜，字元亮，世称靖节先生，自称五柳先生，东晋大诗人，田园诗鼻祖。浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。出生于破落官僚地主家庭，《晋书》、《宋书》均谓其系陶侃曾孙。散文有《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》，诗歌有《归园田居》、《饮酒》等。
诗作多描绘自然景色及田园生活，寄寓对官场与世俗社会的厌弃。
另一类题材的诗，如《咏荆轲》《读山海经·精卫衔微木》等篇，寄寓抱负，颇多悲愤慷慨之音。
其艺术风格，兼取平淡与爽朗，语言质朴自然。
为谋生陶渊明曾任江州祭酒、镇军参军等一类小官，在彭泽令任上八十余日，去职归
隐。陶渊明少年时，受儒学熏陶，曾有“大济于苍生”的抱负。东晋时的士族门阀制度相当严酷，陶渊明非士族出身，难有通过做官来实现自己抱负的机会。加之他“性刚才拙，与物多忤”(《与子俨等疏》)，“少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山”(《归园田居》)，有心做官，又厌倦官场世俗，常常是“一心处两端”(出仕与归隐)。他29岁开始出仕，历13个年头，时官时隐3次，做官时间总计不过4年。
二、写作背景
东晋义熙元年(405)，陶渊明做彭泽令八十天，因看不惯当时政治的黑暗和官场的丑恶，
决心“不为五斗米折腰”，辞官归隐，躬耕田园。为此，写出了这首著名的《归去来兮辞》。
陶渊明是中国士大夫精神上的一个归宿，许多士大夫在仕途上失意以后，或厌倦了官场的时候，往往回归到陶渊明，从他身上寻找新的人生价值，并借以安慰自己。自居易、苏轼、
陆游、辛弃疾等莫不如此。于是，“不为五斗米折腰”也就成了中国土大夫精神世界的一座堡垒，用以保护自己出处选择的自由。而平淡自然也就成了他们心目中高尚的艺术境地。
三、参考译文：
我家境贫困，仅靠耕种田地不能维持自己的生活。家中孩子甚多，粮缸里通常没有粮食能储存下来，我找不到什么维持生计的办法。亲戚朋友大多劝我出去做个小官，我自己也有这种想法，但苦于没有门路。刚巧碰上有出使到外地去的差使，各地长官都以爱惜人才为美德，叔父因为我的贫苦境况就把我推荐了去，于是我被任命为小城的官吏。这时战乱还没有平息，我心里害怕远地的差使。而彭泽县离家乡只有一百里路程，公田收获的粮食也足够酿酒之用，因此我就在彭泽县担任职务。但没过多久，我思念田园，也就产生了归乡的念头。为什么呢?因为我的本性坦率自然，不会勉强做作，不愿强迫自己做不愿做的事；挨冻受饿虽是急需解决的问题，但违背自己本性导致的身心交病远比挨冻受饿更痛苦。我曾经做过官，但都是为生活所迫；于是感到烦恼不已，觉得这实在有愧于平生的志愿。只想着等到秋收以后，就收拾行装日夜兼程地回去。不久，嫁入程家的妹妹在武昌去世，我急切地要赶着去奔丧，就自己弃官离职了。从秋到冬，我只做八十多天的官。我想对这件事情抒发自己内心的感情，就写了这篇文章，并命名为《归去来兮》。乙巳年十一月。
归去吧，田园快要荒芜了，为什么还不回去呢?既然自己的心志受到形体的役使，那又为什么还要如此伤感失意而独自悲哀呢?我认识到过去所做错的已经无法挽回，但知道未来的事却还来得及弥补。我确实已走入迷途但还不算太远，现在已经觉悟到如今归田是对的，以前出仕是错的。船在水中轻快地漂荡前进，微风吹动着我的衣裳。向行人打听前面的路程，只恨晨光朦胧，天还不亮。
终于看到自己简陋的家门，我高兴地向前飞奔。家僮欢快地迎接，孩子们都在门口等候。庭院中的小路已经长满了荒草，松树和菊花还依旧保持着原有的风貌。带着孩子们进入屋里，美酒已经满觞。我端起酒壶酒杯自斟自饮，观赏着院子里的树木，我感到非常愉快。倚着南窗寄托自己傲岸的情怀，深深感到这简陋狭小之地也可以使人安乐满足。门经常关闭着，每天到园子里散散步，兴味无穷，自有乐趣。拄着手杖走走停停，到处游息，不时抬头眺望远景。云气自然而然从山洞飘浮而出，倦飞的鸟儿也知道回到巢中。日光渐渐暗淡，太阳即将落山，我还手抚着孤松，流连徘徊不愿离去。
归来吧，我要与世俗断绝交游。既然世俗的一切都和我的情志相违背，再出游又能追求些什么呢?跟亲人们谈谈知心话使人愉快，弹琴读书又能够消愁解忧。农人们告诉我春天到了，将要去西边的田地耕作。有时驾着小篷车，有时划着孤舟，既要探寻曲折幽深的沟壑，又要经过高低不平的山丘。树木欣欣向荣地生长，泉水涓涓流淌，我真羡慕自然界万物各得其时、生机勃勃，感叹自己的一生行将告终。
算了吧!人寄身世上，一生又能有多少时光，为什么不随着自己的心意，任其自然，或去或留呢?为什么整天心神不定还想去什么地方?富贵荣华不是我所追求的，升入仙界也没有希望。爱惜那良辰美景我独自去游览欣赏，或者放下手杖去除草培苗。登上东边山岗我放声长啸，傍着清澈的溪流我吟咏歌唱。姑且顺其自然了结一生吧，乐天安命，还有什么可犹豫彷徨的呢?
四、文章主题探究
这篇文章作于作者辞官归田之初，是一篇述志的佳品。文中着重表达了作者对黑暗官
场的厌恶和鄙弃，赞美了农村的自然景物和劳动生活，也显示了归来的决心。
五、文章体裁探究
文章的主体是一篇有韵的“辞”。
辞是战国后期楚国诗人屈原在楚地民歌的基础上创造出来的一种新诗体，用的是楚地方言，内容跟楚地的社会生活、山川风物有关，故称楚辞。形式自由，句式散文化。大体以四句为一小节，两句一组。以六字句为主，间有长短句，故用语气词“兮’，(不包括在六字之内)，虚词置于句腰(第四字)上，也可以不计在字数之内，每句三拍，例如，屈原《离骚》中的“路——漫漫(其)——修远(兮)，吾将——上下(而)——求索”。
到了西汉，在辞的影响下又产生了“赋’’这种新文体。汉人将辞和赋统称为辞赋，但二者仍有显著的区别。赋的句式进一步散文化，常用关联词语，长短句明显增多，内容则以咏物说理为主，写法上讲究铺排，即所谓“以事形为本，以义正为主”，这就表明赋已是有韵的散文了；而辞仍然是诗，重在抒情。形式上尽管后来也有若干变化，但四句一节、每句三拍的格局还是保持了下来。
了解辞的体裁特点，对我们诵读这篇课文有很大的帮助。首先，四句一节的形式没有
变，全篇每节表达一个完整的意思，读后可作稍长停顿，这样读下来，全篇层次自然清晰。其次，仍以六字句为主(约占全文60句中的四分之三)，都按三拍读，节奏整齐，音韵铿锵，亦有悦耳动心之效。
应注意的是有些七字句中出现了虚词，仍可作六字句读，如“(既)自以心为形役”“寓形宇内(复)几时”等。“归去来兮”(出现两次)“已矣乎”当做一句读，适当地延长读末字的时间。“乃瞻衡宇”以下八句皆四字句，“富贵”两句为五字句，读时节奏自当变化。
第二课时
一、合作探究
1、思考小序中讲到了陶渊明辞官的原因有哪几点?你觉得哪一点是最根本的?
明确：
(1)“质性自然，非矫厉所得”——不愿扭曲天性，强迫自我去做本性不想做的事。
(2)“饥冻虽切，违己交病”——不愿折节为吏，那冻饿难以忍受，违背本心就会身心都痛苦。
（3）余家贫，……
(4)“程氏妹丧于武昌”——亲妹过世，需要去奔丧。
其中第一条是最根本的。
2、我们已经通读全文，同学们也已经大致把握了全文的内容。那么我们现在再来明确
疏理一下全辞的叙事脉络。学生相互讨论。
明确：
第一段：辞官——归途（思想斗争）。
第二段：抵家——室内生活——涉园——外出（家庭生活）。
第三段：纵情山水（社会生活）。
第四段：安度余生（反思与感悟）。
3、陶渊明想象自己从辞官回家一直到如何悠游生活，大家觉得他的情感是否也有一个随之变化的过程呢?那这个情感线索又是怎样的?
明确：
第一段，自责自悔，有悔恨之情，也有庆幸之意。
第二、三段，自安自乐，有喜悦之情，也是自得之意，基调是静谧而愉悦的。
第四段，乐天安命，有达观之情，旷达、悠然。
归纳：自责---自悔---自觉----自醒
二、研读第1段。
(1)在封建社会里，人们要建功立业，要“大济苍生”，实现人生价值，往往是和仕途紧紧联系起来的，而陶渊明不愿为官，难道是当官不好吗?在课文的小序里陶渊明已经明确说出了自己不愿意做官的原因。那么，辞中第一段哪些词又明确表达了这样的心愿?
明确：“田园将芜”“心为形役”“悟已往之不谏，知来者可追…‘迷途未远，觉今是而昨非”。
(2)从陶渊明辞官归田的原因中可看出他当时的心境如何?
明确：自责(“田园将芜”)，自悔(“悟已往之不谏，知来者可追’’)，自觉、自醒(“迷途未远，觉今是而昨非”)。这里的“心为形役”中的“心”和“役”，显然不能单纯理解为“心意”和“形体”，应该深入理解为“心”是“志趣人格”，“形”是作者“出仕为官”的这种行为。
三、研读第2段。
讨论三个问题：归家途中的迫切体现在哪里?抵家时的欣喜又体现在哪些语句当中?到家后衣食住行的闲适又从何看出?
明确：
(1)“舟遥遥”“问征夫”“恨晨光”，尤其一个“恨”字，迫切之情，溢于言表。
(2)“栽欣载奔”“童仆欢迎，稚子候门”，可感悟出主仆俱迎、妻子皆乐的情景，尤其具有情味的是妻子，好似不出来迎接，但由“有酒盈樽”可知妻子比谁都盛情，多好的一幅天伦之乐图啊!
(3)“引壶觞以自酌……抚孤松而盘桓”，既有室中之乐，也有园中之乐。这是真正的隐士之乐，和刘禹锡《陋室铭》中的“斯是陋室，唯吾德馨”异曲同工。
四、研读第3段。
本段中, 陶潜隐居乡村的生活乐趣，从哪些方面可以看出?
明确：
(1)促膝而谈的家庭之乐—— 悦亲戚之情话；
(2)弹琴消忧的本色生活—— 乐琴书以消忧；
(3)与乡邻交往之乐—— 告余春及，有事西畴；
(4)巾车孤舟出游之乐—— 一窈窕寻壑，崎岖经丘。
中国士大夫写劳动，都是倡导别人去劳动。自己是旁观者，而陶潜是中国士大夫中第一个劳动实践者，此乃其躬耕田园，诗酒琴的隐士情怀之表露。
accountable for the violation, Had a negative impact on society. Corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, the initiative to accept social supervision. Give full play to the role of the news media, widely publicized safety production areas to carry out the "four winds" special significance, focus, work measures, dynamic work, the report published telephone. Launched the employees and the whole social supervision and reporting production safety and harm the interests of the masses, the formation of a strong prevention and treatment of the special rectification work atmosphere. 2, enhance political concentration. To strengthen the ideological and political construction, always adhere to the correct political line, politics Governance position, political orientation, political road, continuously enhance political acumen and political discernment, firm road confidence, theory system of self-confidence and self-confidence. To further strengthen the theory of armed Marx doctrine of Chinese consciously use the latest achievements of the armed mind, guide practice and promote the work. With a high degree of political consciousness, the Bureau take the lead in-depth study to implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping's important speech series, and timely to the cadres and workers to study and implement of special supervision and inspection. 3, focus on remediation Yung lazy, scattered. "Cadres and carry out" mediocre, lazy, scattered "special rectification action, strengthen dedication, strong quality", The tree image, team spirit and the socialist core values education, vigorously to create a pioneering spirit, unity and struggle, serious and lively atmosphere. Take a thorough investigation, and severely punish free, absenteeism, tardiness, AWOL behavior, and resolutely put an end to work time on the Internet stocks, playing games, watching entertainment phenomenon. (five) are failing to buck passing the problem of lack of awareness of the overall situation. The individual members of the team too much emphasis on personal interests and the interests of small groups, prior conditions, the first hit "small abacus". The lack of big talk about the principle of small speaking style, have something to say, not behind talking about, no more Tricks of consciousness and self-discipline, relegates, passing each other, not unite to form a good atmosphere, and sometimes even against each other. A few members of the team that is the power sector in the safety supervision department, safety supervision department is working to better cope with personal interests, perfunctory in the daily supervision process, the illegal behavior of enterprise there do not want to offend people speak hard, to relax the stringent requirements of the enterprise. The rectification measures: (LED Le
accountable for the violation, Had a negative impact on society. Corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, the initiative to accept social supervision. Give full play to the role of the news media, widely publicized safety production areas to carry out the "four winds" special significance, focus, work measures, dynamic work, the report published telephone. Launched the employees and the whole social supervision and reporting production safety and harm the interests of the masses, the formation of a strong prevention and treatment of the special rectification work atmosphere. 2, enhance political concentration. To strengthen the ideological and political construction, always adhere to the correct political line, politics Governance position, political orientation, political road, continuously enhance political acumen and political discernment, firm road confidence, theory system of self-confidence and self-confidence. To further strengthen the theory of armed Marx doctrine of Chinese consciously use the latest achievements of the armed mind, guide practice and promote the work. With a high degree of political consciousness, the Bureau take the lead in-depth study to implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping's important speech series, and timely to the cadres and workers to study and implement of special supervision and inspection. 3, focus on remediation Yung lazy, scattered. "Cadres and carry out" mediocre, lazy, scattered "special rectification action, strengthen dedication, strong quality", The tree image, team spirit and the socialist core values education, vigorously to create a pioneering spirit, unity and struggle, serious and lively atmosphere. Take a thorough investigation, and severely punish free, absenteeism, tardiness, AWOL behavior, and resolutely put an end to work time on the Internet stocks, playing games, watching entertainment phenomenon. (five) are failing to buck passing the problem of lack of awareness of the overall situation. The individual members of the team too much emphasis on personal interests and the interests of small groups, prior conditions, the first hit "small abacus". The lack of big talk about the principle of small speaking style, have something to say, not behind talking about, no more Tricks of consciousness and self-discipline, relegates, passing each other, not unite to form a good atmosphere, and sometimes even against each other. A few members of the team that is the power sector in the safety supervision department, safety supervision department is working to better cope with personal interests, perfunctory in the daily supervision process, the illegal behavior of enterprise there do not want to offend people speak hard, to relax the stringent requirements of the enterprise. The rectification measures: (LED Le5
accountable for the violation, Had a negative impact on society. Corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, the initiative to accept social supervision. Give full play to the role of the news media, widely publicized safety production areas to carry out the "four winds" special significance, focus, work measures, dynamic work, the report published telephone. Launched the employees and the whole social supervision and reporting production safety and harm the interests of the masses, the formation of a strong prevention and treatment of the special rectification work atmosphere. 2, enhance political concentration. To strengthen the ideological and political construction, always adhere to the correct political line, politics Governance position, political orientation, political road, continuously enhance political acumen and political discernment, firm road confidence, theory system of self-confidence and self-confidence. To further strengthen the theory of armed Marx doctrine of Chinese consciously use the latest achievements of the armed mind, guide practice and promote the work. With a high degree of political consciousness, the Bureau take the lead in-depth study to implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping's important speech series, and timely to the cadres and workers to study and implement of special supervision and inspection. 3, focus on remediation Yung lazy, scattered. "Cadres and carry out" mediocre, lazy, scattered "special rectification action, strengthen dedication, strong quality", The tree image, team spirit and the socialist core values education, vigorously to create a pioneering spirit, unity and struggle, serious and lively atmosphere. Take a thorough investigation, and severely punish free, absenteeism, tardiness, AWOL behavior, and resolutely put an end to work time on the Internet stocks, playing games, watching entertainment phenomenon. (five) are failing to buck passing the problem of lack of awareness of the overall situation. The individual members of the team too much emphasis on personal interests and the interests of small groups, prior conditions, the first hit "small abacus". The lack of big talk about the principle of small speaking style, have something to say, not behind talking about, no more Tricks of consciousness and self-discipline, relegates, passing each other, not unite to form a good atmosphere, and sometimes even against each other. A few members of the team that is the power sector in the safety supervision department, safety supervision department is working to better cope with personal interests, perfunctory in the daily supervision process, the illegal behavior of enterprise there do not want to offend people speak hard, to relax the stringent requirements of the enterprise. The rectification measures: (LED Le
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